Agustijanto
Pusat Arkeologi Nasional
Pusat Arkeologi Nasional
During the early centuries A.D., the growing maritime trade
between China and India resulted in the emergence of trading
postsand entrepôts in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia,
according to archaeological data amassed in the past few
years.1Recentexcavations and surveys in southern Sumatra,
western Java, Bali,Kalimantan (Borneo), and Bima have yielded
new material related to the emergence of early polities influenced
by India, such as theTārumānagara kingdom in western Java
and Kutai in eastern Kalimantan, and the spread of Indic
religions in the archipelagobeginning around the fifth or sixth
century.
postsand entrepôts in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia,
according to archaeological data amassed in the past few
years.1Recentexcavations and surveys in southern Sumatra,
western Java, Bali,Kalimantan (Borneo), and Bima have yielded
new material related to the emergence of early polities influenced
by India, such as theTārumānagara kingdom in western Java
and Kutai in eastern Kalimantan, and the spread of Indic
religions in the archipelagobeginning around the fifth or sixth
century.
Indian beads and intaglios excavated at Air Sugihan, near
Palembang in southern Sumatra, indicate that goods imported
from lands immediately west, such as Sri Lanka, were available in
Sumatran markets during the early centuries A.D. Shards of Indian
rouletted ware found in the villages of Sembiran and Pacung in
northern Bali, as well as at Kobak Kendal and Batujaya in western
Java, constitute material evidence that Java and Bali were also part
of this international network.2 The site of Pangkung Paruk in
Seririt, northern Bali, has yielded four sarcophagi containing
human remains and burial goods, including a miniature kettledrum
and two bronze mirrors. On the basis of their style and the presence
of TLV decoration, these mirrors can safely be identified as origi-
nating in Han-dynasty China (206 B.C.–A.D. 25).3
Although these early sites clearly attest to trade links with
India and China, there are still no obvious traces of religious influ-
ence from India, which, according to archaeological records, became
dominant in subsequent periods. However, there is mounting
archaeological evidence of the implantation of Hindu-Buddhist tra-
ditions in the Indonesian archipelago during the fifth and sixth cen-
turies. The oldest Brahmanical sculptures found in the region are of
Similar sculptures, all datable to about the fifth or sixth century, have
been uncovered on the Malay Peninsula and in mainland Southeast
Asia. 4The style also appears in western Indonesia in Visnus from
that period discovered in Cibuaya, western Java, and Kota Kapur on
the island of Bangka. Until recently, central Java was considered the
easternmost boundary of early Vaisnava worship in Southeast Asia.
However, in 2010, a statue of Visnu wearing his typical headdress
was found in Patapan, Bali (fig. 82), suggesting that the pan–
Southeast Asian Vaisnava network extended from Vietnam to Bali.
The most substantial recent contributions to the history of
early Buddhism in the archipelago are the excavations at Batujaya
and at Uma Anyar, Bali—both sites that existed at the same time as
the Vaisnava Tārumānagara kingdom in western Java. Thirty-nine
brick structures within a radius of about three miles (1.6 km) have
been discovered at Batujaya since 1985. 5One of the most important
structures, Candi Blandongan (fig. 83), bears similarities with Wat
Na Phra Men, a Dvāravatī-period temple in Ayutthaya province,
central Thailand.
6It has yielded several inscriptions on clay and on
gold leaf,7 three of which are legible, written in Sanskrit and con-
taining the Buddhist mantra ajñānāc cīyate karma.8 This Mahāyāna
mantra is already known in the region from several inscriptions on
sealings and votive tablets in Malaysia and Java.9 In addition, later
excavations have yielded many votive tablets, some bearing inscrip-
tions but all confirming the Buddhist character of Batujaya. On the
most common type of tablet, the center is occupied by a Buddha
sitting with legs pendant in bhadrāsana, holding his right hand in
the exposition gesture (vitarkamudrā), and flanked by two standing
bodhisattvas (fig. 84). The tablets are dated on stylistic grounds to
the seventh century.